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The Projects "Enrolla2 Generation X Security Perceptions and Risk Attitudes in individuals belonging to the Generation X linked to the use of affective-sexual computer applications (CIPI / 20/091)" and "The management of desire in times of COVID (CIPI / 20/159) "had as their respective objectives, to study the perception of security, its incidence in the level of victimization and the risks to the health of individuals in affective-sexual applications;and to know the motivations that have led them to use affective-sexual apps during lockdown. Different levels of security were observed in the apps, depending on the treatment of user data, the existence of harassing attitudes and the emergence of a digital drug market. Legally, it is understood as necessary to improve the protection of users, potential victims of crime -individually identified -and, likewise, encourage the culture of prevention or compliance with respect to the companies that own said platforms.
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This study examined the impacts of COVID-19 on changes in route-level transit demand across five transit agencies in the state of Florida. Data for 120 routes from five transit agencies were used to develop two-stage instrumental variable models. Data from January of 2019 to December of 2020 were used in the analysis. Routes that served a greater mix of land-uses experienced a smaller decline in ridership. The impacts of several other land-use variables were, however, not consistent across the five transit agencies. Fare suspension was estimated to have a positive impact on ridership. In contrast, occupancy reduction measures (to promote social distancing within the transit vehicle) had a very strong negative impact on demand. The magnitude of the negative impact of occupancy reduction was larger than the positive impacts of fare suspension. Extending this analysis to a larger set of routes across more agencies would be useful in enhancing the robustness of the findings from our models. Extending our analysis to include data from 2021 and later to capture the recovery phase is also an important direction for future work. © 2022
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered severe consequences for the physical and emotional health of the general population. Objective: Describe the emotional profiles and the habits of physical activity, sleep, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in physiotherapy students, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of university physiotherapy students through a Google forms. We used the PANAS scale to assess positive and nega-tive affect, the PSQI questionnaire to assess sleep quality, and the IPAQ-S questionnaire for physical activity. Results: We included 60 students between 17 and 22 years old, primarily female (71.7%). Most participants reported having a low consumption of alcohol (43.3%) and tobacco (96.7%). A higher proportion reported a high level of physical activity (53.3%) and considered it decreased after the COVID-19 pandemic (76.7%). Regarding sleep quality, most students reported poor sleep (66.7%). We identified one emotional profile "positive,” related to positive affect, and three profiles related to negative affects;"upset,” "anxious,” and "guilty.” Conclusions: Based on the description of the emotional response and the physical activity, sleep, alcohol, and tobacco consumption habits of the participants, it is sug-gested to establish psychological support programs, em-phasizing the management of the emotional resources that the students have to face stressful situations caused by the confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2023, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.
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Background: Patients with COVID-19 have a high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), which is associated with mortality. The objetive of our study is to know the factors associated with AKI, to manage the level of care and health resources according to risk. Method(s): We design an observational retrospective cohort study in 2 hospitals in Bogota, Colombia. Adults hospitalized for > 48 hours between March 2020 and March 2021, with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main outcome was incidence of AKI during the first 28 days from admission. A descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population was performed. Univariate and bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression model was conducted for the outcome AKI. Result(s): We included 1584 patients, 60.4% male, 46.8% older than 65 years. The incidence of AKI was 46.5%, stage 1 in 60.7%, Stage 2 in 15.7%, and stage 3 in 23.6%. Renal replacement therapy was performed in 11.1% of patients with AKI. Table 1 summarizes cohort characteristics and the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, sex, age, hypertension, CKD, treatment with oral antidiabetics, diuretics, statins, qSOFA, platelet count, CRP, D-dimer, treatment with vancomycin, piperacillin tazobactam, requirement of vasopressor support were realated with AKI. The interactions antihypertensive /diuretics, PAFI /Requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, Hypertension /antihypertensives, were associated with AKI (P value <0.5). Hospital crude mortality for AKI was 45.5% versus 11.7% without AKI (p<0.0001) Conclusion(s): AKI is frequent in patients hospitalized with COVID 19, conventional risk factors are the rule, we denote other known markers of severity for COVID-19 in association with AKI. These results allowed us to manage the hospital resource.
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This study analyses air quality behavior by considering nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as a reference parameter during atypical conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. NO2 concentrations in 31 departmental capital cities of Colombia (South America) were evaluated during four periods according to government dispositions to face the pandemic: (I) before isolation (normal conditions), (II) mandatory isolation (significant traffic and industrial activity reduction), (III) intelligent isolation (return of some commercial activities), and (IV) selective isolation (Increase of authorized commercial activities). A good fit between ground data and satellite information is observed. Results indicate that most of the cities (45%) present a counterintuitive behavior with concentration increments for Period II with respect to Period I. © 2022, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, c/o Dr. Pratima Sharma. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is a negative phenomenon that has become a difficult scenario at the different educational levels. Before this negative element, gamification is a pedagogical proposal for the students of the Ancon Educational Unit, as a strategy of motivation in learning. The objective of the research is to create a set of gamified activities that help to enhance motivation in students, the research approach applied in this study is a qualitative methodology, a group of 60 young people participated, and the results were measured through phases and stages employing a game quiz in Gianelly. The search for information was carried out through Google Scholar, articles in indexed journals, books and newspapers, to find out the main role that gamification and gaming have played in times of pandemic, and the positive impact it has had. The benefits of gamification have become very interesting because it facilitates a new model of teaching and learning, also gamification allows students to study new content through the gaming environment, discover new information and earn points, badges or any bonus.
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Rationale: Ecuador was among the top fifth of countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Intensive care units (ICUs), and health system resilience form key elements of the health system to prepare for meeting needs of its population, both during surge needs, and for postpandemic planning. There is limited evaluation of the existing ICU infrastructure, processes and protocols within ICUs. Our study sought to perform an assessment of the ICU practices across Ecuador. Methods: During December, 2020, we conducted an observational, cross-sectional study using questionnaires developed in Spanish, that were deployed in 42 Ecuadorian medical facilities, using trained physicians. The questionnaires were developed by experts, covering domains including hospital characteristics, utilization, and structural factors, such as human resources, and staffing practices. ICUs were categorized by the degree of global resource availability. The primary outcomes were availability and access to equipment, personnel, protocols, and therapies relevant to the practice of critical care. Secondary outcomes were mortality, admissions in the emergency department and ICU annually. Results: Thirty-six hospitals (85.7%) agreed to participate and were enrolled in the study. Annual average ICU mortality in 2019 was 20% (IQR: 14-30), which in 2020 increased to 40.5% (IQR 28.9-49.8), in the facilities evaluated. Annual average ICU admissions were 311 (154-404), with an average annual bed capacity of 120 (82-221.5). Sepsis, deep venous thromboprophylaxis, and glucose monitoring protocols were most commonly reported (96%), while protocols for massive transfusion (48%), targeted temperature management (41%), and palliative care (30%) were less common. In a multivariable linear regression adjusting for ICU level, annual ICU mortality was significantly lower in hospitals that reported higher use of respiratory protocols (- 3.4%, 95% CI-5.4 to -1.3;p=0.003) and sepsis protocols (-8.4%, 95% CI -14.1 to -2.7);p= 0.006). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the ICU structure, process and components of different facilities across Ecuador. These may help guide decision-making policymakers, and health service communities to understand Ecuador's health system resilience, and key avenues for improvement and planning.
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The Next Generation EU (NGEU) fund is a European Union economic recovery package to support member states adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This program represents an unprecedented effort. Besides promoting a European Union more ecological, digital, and resilient, the recovery funds aim at financing projects of public-private partnership around a series of issues. Some especially related to urbanism, such as ecological transition, smart, sustainable, integrative growth, or social and territorial cohesion. In the first part of the present work, we analyze the evolution of urbanism in Europe since the 1972 European Soil Charter, adopted by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. Secondly, we examine potential areas where urban projects could be promoted implementing European funds, in connection with the new Leipzig Charter and the European Territorial Agenda 2030, which support an urban environment more just, green, and productive.
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The world is immersed in a health crisis due to COVID-19, from one day to the next the educational community was forced to change the classrooms of our centers for the rooms of home, where the teaching process is maintained thanks to the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) manifesting itself in its multiple forms. This crisis has caused a series of challenges in various areas, one of the most affected has been the educational field, moving the face-to-face modality by a virtual modality and digital educational platforms have occupied an important role in this new modality. The teaching-learning process mediated by new technologies have caused a series of changes both in teachers and students themselves, among these changes can be highlighted teacher training, the difference in access to new technologies by students. Sometimes causing a strong digital divide and the adaptation of both groups to the new scenario among others. It is currently difficult to imagine what will happen from this new reality, but what cannot be denied is the increasingly important role that ICT is playing in the education system.
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Introduction: The severity of acute clinical outcomes and mortality in hematologic malignancy (HM) patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 was exhaustively documented in the first weeks of the pandemic. A consistent increased mortality compared to non-cancer patients was observed across studies. In this study we aimed to estimate survival in COVID-19 HM patients by type of malignancy, to describe acute and post-acute clinical outcomes, and to compare outcomes in early and later pandemic periods. Methods: In this population-based registry study sponsored by the Madrid Society of Hematology (Asociación Madrileña de Hematología y Hemoterapia), we collected de-identified data on clinical characteristics, treatment and acute and post-acute outcomes in adult patients with hematologic malignancies and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within the Madrid region of Spain. Our case series included all eligible patients admitted to 26 regional health service hospitals and 5 private healthcare centers between February 28, 2020 and February 18, 2021 with a coverage of 98% on a population of 6.6 million inhabitants. The study outcomes were all-cause mortality, severity of disease (WHO), oxygen support, ICU admission, and follow-up symptoms and signs and complications. Survival probabilities were estimated with the actuarial method and reported overall and stratified by type of malignancy and for two study periods (early cohort,-COVID-19 diagnosis from February 28 to 31 May, 2020, and later cohort, up to February 18, 2021). Results: Of the 1408 patients reported to the HEMATO-MADRID COVID-19 registry, 1166 were included in the present analyses;839 (72%) had a lymphoid malignancy, including 325 (28%) with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 50 (4%) with Hodgkin lymphoma and 263 (23%) with multiple myeloma;and 327 (28%) had a myeloid malignancy, including 115 (10%) with myelodysplastic syndrome, 92 (8%) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 87 (7%) with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Overall COVID-19 clinical severity was classified as critical in 19% of patients, severe in 36%, moderate in 22%, and mild in 22%;10% were admitted to an ICU;8% were on mechanical ventilation and 19% on noninvasive ventilation. Mild disease increased between early and later period from 15% to 38% of patients;severe disease decreased from 42% to 24%, p<0.001. COVID-19 treatment with steroids increased from 38% to 59%, p<0.001. At follow-up, 22% reported persistent symptoms related to COVID-19 at 2 months, 16% at 4 months and 14% at 6 months. 381 of 1166 (33%) patients died. Overall 30-day survival was 68%;2 and 3-month overall survival probabilities were 56% and 53%, respectively. Survival was more favorable for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (82%, 69% and 65% at 30-days, 2 and 3 months, respectively) than for those with lymphoid malignancies (68%, 56% and 54%) or myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (61%, 51%, 46%), p=001. 285 (37%) patients died in the early period vs 96 (24%) in the later, p<0.001, but median (interquartile range) follow-up time was much higher in the early vs later, 45 (20-116) days vs. 26 (11-86), respectively. Overall survival was not different between periods, p=0.5 (hazard ratio [95%C], 0.93 [0.73-1.17]). In the later cohort, 30 and 60-day survival probabilities were 71% and 56% vs. 67% and 56% in the early cohort Conclusions. A population-based registry in Spain provided strong evidence that although COVID-19 severity decreased over year 1 of the pandemic, mortality remained high, and survival was stable over time in the group of patients with hematological malignancy infected by SARS-Coc-2. A relevant proportion of the infected patients (1 in 6) referred persistent symptoms attributable to COVID-19. The improved clinical management of severe COVID-19 in non-cancer patients that followed the dissemination of evidence-based recommendations did not translate in more favorable survival in patients with hematological malignancies. Research is needed to address the specific characteristics nd improve the clinical management of this vulnerable population. Disclosures: Martinez-Lopez: Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Janssen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau;Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau;Astellas: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Jiménez-Yuste: Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;Grifols: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;CSL Behring: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;NovoNordisk: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;BioMarin: Consultancy;Sobi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;Octapharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding;F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Kwon: Gilead: Honoraria.
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Thyroiditis is an inflammatory process that can be triggered by infection, autoimmune diseases, medications, post-partum, and in very rare instances, vaccine adjuvants. In this case report, we focus on the latter cause of thyroiditis as we discuss a 35-year-old male who developed palpitations, heat intolerance, and night sweats after receiving the first dose of the COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Our patient presented with clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism ten days after receiving the vaccine and he did not have a painful thyroid. Initial laboratory studies showed a suppressed TSH, elevated free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein (CRP) and negative thyroid autoantibodies. Ultrasound showed a heterogenous thyroid with decreased vascularity and Radioactive Iodine Uptake and Scan had less than 5% uptake. Within two months, laboratory tests progressed into the thyroiditis pattern of transient hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism. Based on imaging and laboratory results in conjunction with the clinical progression of our patient, we hypothesize that he developed vaccine-induced thyroiditis. Given the novelty of the COVID-19 vaccine, this hypothesis has yet to be validated by more reports of similar reactions in other patients. Before arriving to this diagnosis, we carefully evaluated for and excluded more common causes of painless thyroiditis including Hashimoto's, Graves' disease, and medication-induced thyroiditis. Interestingly, in recent months there have been reports of two females who developed Graves' disease three days after receiving the Pfizer vaccine (3) and one female who developed Subacute Thyroiditis five days after the same vaccine (16). A possible explanation for this autoimmune reaction is molecular mimicry due to the vaccine's spike glycoprotein having genetic similarities with a human heptapeptide (15). Additionally, this innovative vaccine contains a nanoparticle with polyethylene glycol lipid conjugates that has been reported to cause anaphylaxis and to induce autoimmune responses in susceptible patients (10-14). Although the numbers of CoVID-19 infections, and thus morbidity and mortality from this pandemic, have significantly decreased with vaccination, like with any other vaccine, adverse reactions will occur (17). We believe that as more patients get vaccinated, the data regarding vaccine-induced thyroid disease will increase.
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Background: During the follow-up of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) with vitamin K antagonists (VKA), the patient undergo invasive procedures. The decision wether to withdraw or maintain the OAT, as well as the needing or not to implement low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as bridge therapy, will be determined by the patient's thrombotic risk (TR) and the haemorrhagic risk (HR) of the surgery. Aims: To determine the incidence of thrombohemorrhagic complications in the periprocedural of the patient with OAT, limiting the use of LMWH to patients at high TR looking for decreasing bleeding events related to surgery. Methods: Prospective, unicentric and observational study including 200 patients with OAT who had had surgery between December 2019 and February 2021, with a subsequent follow-up of 4 weeks. The periprocedural management of the OAT was carried out in the anticoagulation consultation according to the hospital protocol approved in the Thrombosis Committee, which classifies patients according to TR (High TR: Prosthetic heart valves, atrial fibrillation (AF) with CHA2DS2- VASc score 7-9, Severe rheumatic mitral valvulopathy, Venous Thromboembolism less tan 3 months ago and Severe thrombophilia, define as Leyden's factor V in homozygosis, 20210 prothrombin mutation, protein C, S or antithrombin III deficiency, múltiples deficiencys or Antiphospholipid Syndrome), and surgeries in three groups according to HR. Thus, the VKA is suspended 3 days before the intervention and resumed 24 hours after. The use of LMWH as bridge therapy (BT) is reserved for patients with high TR or suspected active cancer. It starts the moment OAT is suspended and it is reintroduced along with it 24 hours after surgery for 3 days (if there are no bleeding complications). The dose of LMWH is therapeutic (as patients requiring BT are high TR). Given the coagulopathy inherent to COVID infection, no positive COVID patients were included. Results: The median age of the population is 73 (range 33-93). The main reason for anticoagulation is AF (64.5%). Most patients are low TR and HR on the CHADs-VASc and HAS-BLED scales (76% and 64% respectively). 26.5% of the patients had personal history (PH) of thrombosis and 5.5% had PH of Hemorrhagic Diathesis. Table shows the interventions performed and clinical events during the follow-up period.0 post-surgical haemorrhagic events (5%) are described. Three of them (hemoperitoneum after cholecystectomy, hemoperitoneum after laparoscopic tubular gastrectomy, and haematoma of the anterior rectus abdominis muscle with secondary anemization after ventral hernia repair) required hospitalisation for management, all of which were solved with conservative treatment. The other 7 were mild events that were handled outpatiently. In addition, intra-procedure bleeding during bronchoscopy is described in patient with BT, that was controlled on the spot with amchafibrin and adrenaline. No thrombotic events were recorded. Generally, OAT was re-induced the day after surgery in patients undergoing minimal and low HR interventions, being the percentage somewhat lower in patients undergoing high HR interventions, both in high or low TR patients. Summary/Conclusion: Standardization by means of a periprocedural management protocol of the OAT that adjusts BT with LMWH according to the risk factors of each patient, results in a reduction of the incidence of haemorrhagic complications without secondary increase of thromboembolic events. This study demonstrates the importance of centralizing unified periprocedural management using an established protocol.
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Introduction:Recently there has been a renewal of therapeutic tools for the treatment of lymphoid neoplasms to increase the antitumor efficacy and reduce the toxicity generated by conventional chemotherapies, which adds to the intrinsic immunological dysfunction of the disease itself. To date, few data are published about infection risk of these new drugs, and the need for infectious prophylaxis is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyze the infectious complications in patients with LPD treated with monoclonal antibodies (obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, brentuximab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab), BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib) and PI3K inhibitors (idelalisib). Methods: Multicenter retrospective study in patients with LPD treated with targeted therapies (single agents or combination) in 18 Hematology centers in Spain, from the time of their commercial availability to March 2020. Patients in clinical trials were excluded as well as patients with active infections at the beginning of treatment. Results:During the study period, 380 patients were included.Baseline characteristics of the entire cohort are shown in Table 1.Median follow-up was 17.3 months (range 0-103), the longest follow-up corresponding to CLL patients (24 months, range 0-98) and the shortest to LBCL (5 months, range 0-25). Median exposure to target drugs was 8 months (range 0-72).Ibrutinib was administered to 219 patients(1 FL, 147 CLL, 27 MCL, 10 DLBCL, 1 TL and 32 WM, 1 HL),Brentuximab to 49(31 HL, 14 TL and 4 DLBCL) andIdelalisibto 35 patients (16 affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia - CLL, 15 FL and 1 DLBCL, 1 WM, 1MCL, 1HL).Obinutuzumabcombinations were used in 10 (6 CLL, 3 FL, 1 MCL) and 5 HL patients (of which 4/5 underwent previous BMT) receivedNivolumab. A total number of 237 infectious events occurred in 148/380 patients (38.9%), 39% of which were grade 3 and 54/148 (36.4%) experienced 2 or more infective episodes: of those 54, 21 (38%) had underwent 3 or more lines of therapy and 28 (51%) had hypogammaglobulinemia. Hospitalization was required in 59.2% events. A bacterial cause of infection was reported in 40% of cases, and viral in 16%, including 11/237 (4,6%) SARS-CoV-2 infection. Invasive fungal infection (IFI) occurred in 3.3% (8/237). Noteworthy, no case of PJP was identified. Lung was the most frequent site of infection in 24% of cases (57/237) while the upper respiratory tract was involved in 17% of events (41/237). Urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 10% (24/237). Other sites involved were skin and soft tissue 7%, gastrointestinal tract 5,4%, bloodstream infections 3% and catheter related infections 2,5%. Considering drugs individually, 86 patients that receivedIbrutinib(39.2 %)experienced a total of 137 infectious episodes: 30% bacterial, 19% viral, 5% fungal and 45% clinical and image-based infections;the 17(34.6%of those who received Brentuximab, experienced a total of 16 infectious episodes: 56% bacterial, 37.5% viral infections and one catheter-related sepsis. Of those who receivedIdelalisib,18 (51.4%)experienced a total of 28 episodes: 42% bacterial, 14% viral and 7% fungal. Four patients treated withObinutuzumabcombinations (40%) experienced one infection during treatment (25% bacterial and 75% viral). Only one patient treated withNivolumabexperienced more than three infections, he was also under corticosteroid treatment. Focusing on IFI (Table 2): 7/8 infections were identified in CLL patients, 6 out 7 being on ibrutinib treatment and 1/7 on Idelalisib.Aspergilluswas the fungus most frequently isolated. The targeted drug was discontinued temporarily in 4 patients and indefinitely in 3. Twenty three (6%) patients died due to infection in our series. Conclusions: 1. We identified 38.7% infections in our LPD patients treated with targeted drugs, with a median drug-exposure time of 8 months (range 0-72), with a non-negligible incidence of bacterial infections. 2. The highest rates of infection were found in patients treated with with Idelalisib and Ibrutinib (51.4% and 39.2% respectively). 3. IFI (3.3%) occurr d with low frequency, mostly in CLL patients during ibrutinib treatment, leading to its temporal discontinuation in most of the cases. 4. No case of PJP was identified in our cohort. 5. An analysis to determine risk factors for infection and the optimal monitoring and prophylaxis for these patients is ongoing. [Formula presented] Disclosures: Hernandez-Rivas:Janssen:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Abbvie:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Roche:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;AstraZeneca:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Gilead:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Celgene/BMS:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees;Rovi:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.Lopez-Guillermo:novartis:Consultancy;celgene:Consultancy, Research Funding;roche:Consultancy, Research Funding;gilead:Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Bats are a group of mammals that harbor the most significant number of coronaviruses. The aim of present review article was to analyze the broad spectrum of the coronavirus coexisting in Chiropterans hosts. Bats have certain types of cell receptors that allow them to be the potential hosts of a large number of viruses without the presence of any clinical manifestations, and to be a source of contagion infections for other animals and human species. Emphasis can be placed on five coronaviruses, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Disease, Severe Acute Diarrhea Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2, which have had significant impacts causing epidemic outbreaks in different parts of the world, and generating implications for both human and animal health. In conclusion, recent research indicated the importance of bats as potential hosts of multiple coroaviruses leading to some zoonotic diseases.